Theories

**__Theories__** __Todorov’s theory:__ Todorov believed that all narratives followed the same structure. This can be referred to in music videos to explore whether it conforms or subverts to a particular narrative (some may subvert and therefore seem more interesting perhaps.) The four stages of narrative are:
 * Equilibrium- the story will begin with a sense of normality
 * Disruption- something will happen to disrupt this sense of normality
 * Quest- a character will attempt to repair the disruption
 * Equilibrium- a sense of normality is always restored at the end of the narrative

__Maslow’s Theory of Human Needs:__ Maslow believed we have a hierarchy of needs in life and all of our actions can be interpreted as attempting to gain these needs. At the bottom of the hierarchy are the basic needs and at the top are the needs we aspire to.
 * Physiological needs- basic needs in life for survival e.g. food, water, breathing
 * Safety- the need for security of: employment, family, health, morality, resources
 * Love and belonging- the need for friendship, family and love
 * Esteem- self esteem, confidence, achievement and respect
 * Self-actualization- morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving.

__Blumler and Katz’s Gratifications Theory:__ <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Blumler and Katz believed we consume media for personal needs, to gain something rather than just mindlessly absorbing everything around us. They categorised our reasons for consuming media into the following:
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">Cognitive needs- acquiring information, knowledge and understanding
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">Affective needs- emotions, pleasure and feeling
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">Personal integrative needs- credibility, status, stability
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">Social integrative needs- family and friends
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">Tension release needs- Escape and diversion (also called need for escapism)

<span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">__Propp’s theory:__ <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Propps believed that all characters in narratives followed certain stereotypes. These were:
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">The princess
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">The hero
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">The mentor
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">The helper
 * <span style="color: #630909; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 90%; line-height: 115%;">The villain